Speech Patterns Uptalking

Uptalk is a  speech pattern in which phrases and sentences habitually end with a rising sound, as if the statement were a question. Also known as upspeak,  high-rising terminal (HRT), high-rising tone, valley girl speech, Valspeak, talking in questions, rising intonation, upward inflection, interrogatory statement, and Australian Question Intonation (AQI). The term uptalk was introduced by journalist James Gorman in an On Language column in The New York Times, August 15, 1993. However, the speech pattern itself was first recognized in Australia and the U.S. at least two decades earlier. Examples and Observations Ive got the next run at that software thing. I thought you might like to have a look?Mark here was using upspeak, ending on an upward inclination, making what he said nearly a question but not quite. (John Lanchester, Capital. W.W. Norton, 2012) HRT stands for high-rise terminals. What did you think I meant? Its the technical term for uptalk--the way kids speak so that every sentence ends with an interrogative tone so that it sounds like a question even when its a statement? Like that, in fact. . . .While we were on holiday in the US this summer, my kids spent two weeks at that great American childhood institution: camp.So what did you do today? Id ask my daughter at collection time.Well, we went canoeing on the lake? Which was, like, really really fun? And then we had storytelling in the barn? And we all had to tell a story about, like, where were from or our family or something?Yep, she was uptalking. (Matt Seaton, The Guardian, Sep. 21, 2001) Interpreting Uptalk (Politeness Strategies) [Penelope] Eckert and [Sally] McConnell-Ginet [in Language and Gender, 2003] discuss the use of questioning intonation on statements, often termed uptalk or upspeak. They suggest that the high-rise terminal, which characterises Valley Girl speech, the speech style of young women primarily in California, is often analysed as a signal that those who use it do not know what they are talking about, since statements are transformed by this intonational pattern into what sound like questions. Rather than accepting this negative view of uptalk, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet suggest that questioning intonation may simply signal that the person is not giving the final word on the matter, that they are open to the topic continuing, or even that they are not yet ready to cede their turn. (Sara Mills and Louise Mullany, Language, Gender and Feminism: Theory, Methodology and Practice. Routledge, 2011) Purposes of Uptalk Some speakers--especially women--deploy seemingly random question marks to hold the floor and fend off interruptions. Powerful people of both genders use it to coerce their underlings and build consensus. Penelope Eckert, a linguist at Stanford University, says one of her students observed Jamba Juice (JMBA) customers and found that fathers of undergraduates scored as the biggest uptalkers. They were being polite and trying to mitigate their male authoritativeness, she says. (Caroline Winter, Is It Useful to Sound Like an Idiot? Bloomberg Businessweek, April 24-May 4, 2014)One theory as to why simple declarative statements sound like questions is that in many cases, they actually are. English is a notoriously woolly language, full of ways to say one thing and mean another. The use of uptalk could be a way to subconsciously hint that a simple statement such as I think we should choose the left hand turn? has a hidden meaning. Implicit within the sentence is a question: Do you also thi nk we should choose the left hand turn? (The Unstoppable March of the Upward Inflection? BBC News, August 10, 2014) Uptalk in Australian English Perhaps the most recognizable intonational feature in an accent is the occurrence of high-rising terminals (HRTs) associated with Australian English. Put simply, a high-rising terminal means that there is a noticeable high rise in pitch at the end (terminal) of an utterance. Such an intonation is typical of interrogative syntax (questions) in many English accents, but in Australian, these HRTs also occur in declarative sentences (statements). This is why Australians (and others who have taken up this way of talking) can sound (at least to non-HRT speakers) like they are either always asking questions or are in constant need of confirmation . . ..(Aileen Bloomer, Patrick Griffiths, and Andrew John Merrison, Introducing Language in Use. Routledge, 2005) Uptalk Among Young People Negative attitudes to uptalk are not new. In 1975, the linguist Robin Lakoff drew attention to the pattern in her book Language and Womens Place, which argued that women were socialized to talk in ways that lacked power, authority, and confidence. Rising intonation on declarative sentences was one of the features Lakoff included in her description of womens language, a gendered speech style which in her view both reflected and reproduced its users subordinate social status. More than two decades later, the rising intonation pattern can be observed among younger speakers of both sexes . . ..The US uptalk pattern differentiates younger from older speakers. In the British case it is debated whether the increasing use of rising intonation on declaratives is an innovation modeled on recent/current usage in the US or whether the model is Australian English, where the feature was well established even earlier. (Deborah Cameron, Working With Spoken Discourse. Sage, 2001)

Boutique Business Plan - 2251 Words

SHRESHTA Your Dreams†¦ Our Designs!!! BUSINESS PLAN CONTENTS Sl. No. | Particulars | Pg. No. | 123456789 | Introduction Mission, vision Objectives Organizational structure Marketing mix * Product * Price * Place * PromotionSWOT analysis * Strengths * Weakness * Opportunities * ThreatsUnique Selling Proposition Legal formalities Financial plan Future plans | 1234810101116 | INTRODUCTION Clothing is a beautiful visual demonstration of the social and emotional needs of people wearing it. It also portrays in a clearly understood visual manner, what people of different cultures and styles want socially.†¦show more content†¦The penetration strategy sets a low price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers. The premium strategy of pricing sets a high price for high quality. The above figure shows the pricing strategies mix. In order to attract a large number of buyers quickly and win a large market share the penetration pricing strategy is chosen. As the textile market has huge competition the penetration pricing strategy is chosen in order to withstand the huge competition and also to attract the brand loyal. PLACE : It is recommended that the proposed location for the said enterprise be an area with the following specifications: * People of that locality should have the buying capacity for women fashion wear. * The neighborhood should have less number of stores which cater exclusively to the needs of women. * The operational costs should be low. The size of the boutique should be at least 800 Sq.ft. The shop would be obtained on rental basis, and the rent estimation for such a shop is Rs 17,000/month. According to the prevailing practice, 3 month rent as advance would be required for renting the shop. 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Courtroom Work Groups Free Essays

| Courtroom Work Groups| Jaraka Ward| | University of Phoenix| 10/21/2012| | I found several responses to the question of who is included in the courtroom work group. I believe that the criminal prosecutor, defense attorney, and a judicial officer make up the most common courtroom work group. The daily interaction of this group is to make sure that rules are being followed in each individual group but also to make sure it is given in a timely manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Courtroom Work Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now The courtroom work group needs to communicate in order to offer plea bargains and choose jurors. The role of the prosecutor is to protect the government or community’s best interests. This being said the prosecutor must take cases based on the facts of each case and the evidence provided. If the prosecutor did not do this and took every case under less stringent requirements it could leave many cases going to trial with a lack of evidence and lead to a waste of court room time and money for attempting a trial with no evidence to convince a jury. This could also lead to innocent people being convicted on no evidence simply because of a well-spoken lawyer. This being said, if the prosecutors were more stringent about the cases they took and the minimum amount of evidence was greater it may lead to criminals getting away with more crimes and never being brought to trial because of a lack of concrete evidence. The only way I see that the courtroom work group could be improved would be if all parties focused more on the justice and rules side rather than always focusing on the speedy aspect of getting things done. There will always be the criminals let go because of a lack of evidence to convince a jury as well as innocent people who will be convicted without proper concrete evidence, this is why I am a strong believer in the appeal system. I do however feel that these numbers could be reduced if we could slow the system down while still maintaining due process and a speedy trial. References Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, Eleventh Edition, by Frank Schmalleger (2012, 08). Courtroom Workgroups. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 08, 2012, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Courtroom-Workgroups-1070144. html How to cite Courtroom Work Groups, Essay examples

European Music Influence free essay sample

Many of the great classical pieces came from Europe and influenced popular composers like Aaron Copeland. Also Irving Berlin a composer who wrote many American songs from the early part of the twentieth century until the latter part of the century was born of European immigrant parents.He and many first generation Americans as well as those European immigrants, including those who came here during WI to escape the Germans, brought their European music and Influenced the popular American music landscape. However, starting In 1964, European performers introduced more electric instruments and fresh new lyrics. The Beetles were among the first to arrive from Brittany. Paul McCarty and John Lennox were the perfect combination for writing songs perhaps the best o f all time.It strongly influenced the American rock scene and other bands would try to sound like them. West African music first influence American music when slaves were brought to the south. Traditionally white people from the south listen to country music.Young middle class white people make up the majority of Rock-Enroll listeners. Older people mostly listen to Jazz; however, today you see more and more nouns people listening to Jazz. Country music has spread into the mainstream pop scene over the last several years. Jazz is most noted by its use of brass instruments and larger bands. Long sax solos are common in Jazz . Rock music is known for electric guitar solos and electric string instruments. It relies heavily on the drums often drum solos are featured.Rock-N-ROI music is loud music that defies authority. Country music is best known for acoustic guitars. There song lyrics usually contain issues such as death, alcoholism and loss. The core of Rock-N-RoIl music is electric guitars and an upbeat rhythm. The upbeat pace of Rock-N-Roil is very important because it coincides with the topics of rebellion, drug use, and sex. In the future I believe we will see more rock music with slightly less intense rhythm this is because people like to relax.I do believe that some people will sing and dance and overall participation will decline. In the future music will probably be recorded onto digital storage media, either a USB storage device or something similar. This type of storage media can be carried on a key chain and the device is protected by a plastic enclosure and cap to kept it from becoming damaged. This way the sound laity will still be digital but it will not damage as easily as a compact disc. As the years go by there will be more channels on T. V. That show s video.Car satellite radios will be more popular because they offer a wider selection and are commercial free. I also believe artists will spend more money on videos and live performances. Artists will probably continue to have web sites and post responses to fan mail. Record companies will be around for a long time because we need some to produce and distribute the music to the public. Music performance will move towards electric instruments as technology advances. Although raw acoustic performances will always be around they wont be mainstream.I do not see a popular style blending acoustic and electric guitars. Do see popular rock bands playing acoustic songs or even albums like the popular rock bands of the nineties. Studio technology will naturally improve, With that the recordings will be of higher quality. This technology will expand into live recordings because people always love to see new live music. This shows that the artist has more talent. Audience participation will still consist of screaming singing, and dancing.