Herbert Hoover s Tragic Childhood - 893 Words

Herbert Hoover was orphaned at the tender age of nine after his father suffered a heart attack while battling pneumonia shortly after his mother fell ill with a combination of pneumonia and typhoid fever and passed away. The death of both parents left Herbert and his siblings to live the rest of their childhoods with distant relatives. Hoover’s tragic childhood did not in any shape or form foreshadow his future. For the majority of Hoover s life, he was tossed around from relative to relative for a few years until he landed in the care of his Uncle Dr. John Minthorn, who was a resident of Oregon. Hoover was able to get a high school education and major in geology at Stanford University in California. While attending college at†¦show more content†¦Hoover ran the U.S. Food Administration at the request of President Woodrow Wilson. Hoover did quite well as the head of the U.S. Food Administration in leading the effort to preserve food and essential supplies that helped aid European allies. During the war, Hoover had become a household name and the verb Hooverize was used, and that meant to ration household supplies. World War 1 officially ended in November of 1918 when the armistice treaty was signed. President Wilson then appointed Hoover to lead European Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in which he supplied over 30 million tons of American supplies to help aid the war-torn E uropean countries. Hoover s service during World War 1 helped him gain the trust of President Wilson. With that confidence well established between both men, President Wilson relied on Hoover s knowledge of world affairs during the Versailles Peace Conference. The next year, Hoover founded a Library named after himself at Stanford University that served as an archive for World War 1 documents and records. The private organization became the Hoover Institution, which was devoted to the study of war and peace. In the 1920s Hoover was in the running to be elected president as a member of the Republican Party, and he did not make it. Republican Warren Harding won the 1920s presidential election and then appointed his fellow contender Hoover as his secretaryShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis2015 Words   |  9 PagesFranz Kafka uses the ideas of modernism to portray his childhood relationship with his father and foreshadows that of Gregor Samsa’s. In the early 1900s, the Great Depression greatly impacted human s perspective and outlook which made people reject the ideas of romanticism and turn to the ideas of modernism. Kafka incorporates his relationship with his father by having it abstractly correlate with the relationship that Gregor has with his father. The relationship that Franz Kafka had with his fatherRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesgained a high public proï ¬ le as disputes over access to moder n AIDS therapies reached crisis point. When the South African government proposed legislation to allow generic imports of branded drugs, a coalition of 39 ï ¬ rms took legal action. Given the tragic AIDS epidemic and the saintly ï ¬ gure of Nelson Mandela, this was not the best example of industry public relations. The CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, Jean Paul Garnier, helped negotiate the industry out of the court case and established clear principlesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslarger and even exchange of Muslim and Christian refugees (5 million to 6 million people). And the breakdown of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires during the same period ushered similar movements. Several trends, however, have swelled these tragic flows since the 1940s. One is the increase in the number and intensity of wars, of civilian casualties, and of processes of ethnic cleansing in their aftermaths. During World War II, Germany and the USSR each deported more than 1.5 million Poles

Free Speech Or Freedom Of Speech Essay - 911 Words

Introduction America is known as The Land of Freedom, basically we are entitled for legal freedom to do whatever we wanted to. However, the freedom of speech has been challenged by many university students and educators recently. In their argument, they believe that free speech has triggered students’ unhappiness and jeopardize campus’ safety. What is the free speech or freedom of speech? According to dictionary, freedom of speech is the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governmental interference, subject to the laws against libel, incitement to violence or rebellion and etcetera. Based on U.S Court Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government, the freedom of speech includes the rights not to speak (West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), students to wear black armbands to school to protest a war (Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969), use certain offensive words and phrases to convey political messages (Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), contribute money under certain circumstances to political campaigns (Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), advertise commercial products and professional services with some restrictions (Virginia Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748 (1976); Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977) and engage in symbolic speech (Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989); United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990). Disparity and Harm In the article â€Å"The Harm of FreeShow MoreRelatedFree Speech : Freedom Of Speech1403 Words   |  6 PagesFREE SPEECH Freedom of speech is perhaps the most precious tenets of liberal democracies accorded to the citizens of the free world. The United States, and the rest of the Western society is known to be the cradle of democratic principles, and this can be evidenced by the level of freedom accorded to the citizens of the United States and the West in terms of speech. 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Later on, The Protection of Speech was first introduced when the Magna Carta was signed in 1215, and in 1948, the United Nations stated that free speech is a human right and drafted into the international Declaration of Human rights.The government doesn t have the right to make a law abridging the freedom of speech because Free Speech is a form of democracy and it s a fundamentalRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Free Speech1737 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom of Speech can only go so far before it starts to impede the right of the others, and free speech does not come before other people’s given rights.. According to Steven J. Heyman in the article â€Å"Free Speech Has Limits,† freedom of speech comes tied together with respecting the freedom of other and the rights of other people (par. 4). 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SPC Ardmona Operation Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the SPC Ardmona Operation. Answer: The one behind the negotiation The negotiation is done by the SPC Ardmona Operation so that they can expand their business across the world by adhering the organizational and workplace legislation of the respective nations. Coverage of the agreement and importance of Agreements scope The agreement covers the SPC Ardmona Shepparton and Mooroopna sites. All there employee working on the sites are also covered in this agreement. Moreover, the AMWU are also covered under Fair Work Act 2009 if they applied to Fair Work Australia. The managers of non-maintenance and logistics department are not covered under this agreement. Silvera and Obersteiner (2013) stated that a scope of services agreement is the foundation of a services contract. The scope of the agreement matters because it illustrates what kind of people will benefits from the agreement and what services they can expect to receive. It also provides clear directions to the service provider prior to any project and planning. Significance of No Extra Claims Clause and benefits/detriments attained by employers and employees According to this claim, no employee can demands for salary or wage increase till the agreement gets over or lapsed. The role of this clause is initiated so that the employees cannot include any other clause and demand for additional facilities. However, they have to work under the agreement even if the work responsibility does not worth the wages that they are getting. This agreements is not seems to be beneficial for the employees but under this clause, problem like child labor can be avoided, which on the other hand enhances the brand reputation. Significance of Security clause and contradiction with the organizational values and principles In this agreement, the security clause after the sift time is to check the bags and luggage that is taken in and out of the sites and failure to which results in taking disciplinary action against the person. No, this security clause is not contradicting any other organizational values and principle mentioned in the agreement. Right that delegate has under union training All the Australian Workers Union has the right to pursue their career goals by taking training. They can also realize their full potential and the organization is also liable to arrange agreed performed standards. Lastly, the SPCA will provide encouragement and support to the employees under the SPCA Study Assistance Policy. All these policies are accredited by the National Training Authority. There is an additional condition that is the training should be within the job hours and in a classroom environment. Agreements in place for employees to make up time Under this agreement it is mentioned that, an employee can take off during the ordinary working hours and make up the time for later hours with the consent of SPCA. However, the time taken for off should be compensated later for exactly the same working hours. Role of SPCA if an employee returns to work less than six weeks after giving birth In such case, the SPCA will review the ongoing emplacement of the person and the evaluation of their eligibility and benefits under their superannuation plan is carried out. Moreover, if the reason found to be genuine, additional eaves will be granted to the mother; otherwise, she will be terminated under the employment of the organization. This evaluation is made under the NES. If an employee returns to work less than six weeks after giving birth, their paid parental leave will be deducted from the period of unpaid parental leave and often lead to termination from the employment. This situation can be problematic as unemployment of the new-born babys mother results in lack of financial resources that can furthermore affect the health of both the baby and the mother. Role of Equal Opportunity Clause in limiting the prevention of discrimination It is mentioned under the Equal Opportunity Clause that all the employees are selected based on their talent and merit so that discrimination in the workplace can be overcome. All the employees are served with same wages and get equal facilities of their designated job roles and responsibility. However, these people are regularly assessed and may get greater opportunity and based on their performance based on the training. Thus, in such case, it can be said that the Equal Opportunity Clause doe not limiting the prevention of the discrimination. Significance of wet place provision and its justification According to this clause, if an employees working under a situation, where his clothes and shoes are wet, they should be paid 58 cents more than they are being paid so that they can continue their work. However, employees with suitable and effective protective footwear and clothing are not eligible for this compensation. Additionally, cleaner of machineries and equipments are not eligible under this clause. This wet place provision seems to be reasonable as this is taken for the safety of the employees and extra money will motivate them to work further even if their working condition are not suitable for them. Overall impressions of the document The document covers all the aspects of the employment and has clauses all kind of employees. This agreement also covers he major aim and structure of the agreement that allow anyone to understand the major objectives of the agreement. The clauses are present under sections and highlighted the organizational values along with the role definitions and all the organizational processes. However, some clauses are too generous and do not define the detail of the clause. Taken for instance, the leave clause do not stated the kind of illness of the family member due to which the extra holidays can be sanctioned. On the other hand, details of staff training are explained in details. It can be said that, the agreement covers all the aspects of workplace safety and governing legislation that enhances the effectiveness of this agreement. All the additional and necessary details are present in the appendix and thus, this agreement in clear, concise and effective to be implemented in a workplace. References Awu.net.au., 2017. The Australian Workers Union. [online] Available at: https://www.awu.net.au/training. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Fairwork.gov.au., 2017. Fair Work Ombudsman. [online] Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/legislation. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Humanservices.gov.au., 2017. Parental Leave Pay. [online] Available at: https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/services/centrelink/parental-leave-pay. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Legislation.gov.au., 2017. Federal Register of Legislation. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2009A00028. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Silvera, L. and Obersteiner, T., 2013. Scope of the TBT Agreement in Light of Recent WTO Case Law, The. Global Trade Cust. J., 8, p.112.

Q-Cash a New Era in Banking Essay Example

Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking Essay Q-CASH: A NEW ERA IN BANKING September 1, 2004 Mr. NEHAL MAHTAB Assistant Professor Department of Finance And Banking University of Dhaka Dear Sir, We are very glad to submit you the report on â€Å"Q-cash: A New Era In Banking†. We would like to say that this assignment was very helpful for us to know about the definition of Q-cash, working method of Q-cash card and ATM machine, parts of ATM, online and offline relationship and other important facts about Q- cash system. We have submitted our report to you for your kind review consideration. We made this report with our sincerity and serious effort. We will be honored to provide you any additional information if necessary. Sincerely yours, Abu Naser Sabbir Ahmed Faisal Ibne Shahajat Reaz Hassan Awwal Md. Shariful Alam B. B. A 10th Batch Department Of Finance and Banking University Of Dhaka. Table of contents 1. 0 Introduction: 1. 1 purposes1 1. 2 scopes1 1. 3 limitations1 1. 4 procedures of gathering data and sources1 1. 5 general plan of the report2 2. 0 Q-cash: A New Era In Banking 2. 1 Q-cash card3 2. 1. 1 what is q-cash card 3 . 1. 2 Key feature of card4 2. 1. 3 Facilities of Q-cash card4 2. 1. 4 Difference of q-cash card and other cards5 2. 2 ATM 2. 2. 1 what is ATM5 2. 2. 2 Invention of ATM5 2. 2. 3 Features and parts of ATM6 2. 2. 3. 1 Input device6 2. 2. 3. 2 Output of device6 3. 0 Q-cash: How the system works 3. 1 A brief overview of the Q-cash consortium (consortium, ATM network clients)8 3. 2 About ITC9 3. 3 Network system of q-cash9 3. 3. 1 offline10 3. 3. 2 online10 3. 3. 2. 1 Techniques of the online relationship followed by ITC11 3. 3. 2. Automated clearing house (ACH)11 3. 4 Security12 3. 5 Feature planning13 4. 0 Conclusion:14 Appendix Definition of terms 14 Bibliography15 1. 0 Introduction: 1. 1 Problem and purpose The objective of this study is to have some practical experience about computer application used in business sector. Though we had some textbook knowledge about how the computer application is used in banking sector, but never had any real life practice what so ever. So, to achieve the objective we had some research about the technology of Q-Cash ATM network and the facilities it brought into. We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It will certainly help to improve our knowledge about how the computer technology is used in business. 1. 2 Scope The report will focus on the Q-Cash ATM network that is shared by the ten banks, the ATM machine, the Q-Cash card, how Q-Cash card and ATM machine work together, facilities of Q-Cash card, security system of Q-Cash card etc. the utilities of the system is mainly described under the current Bangladeshi prospective. It has less emphasize on the complicated architecture of the ATM machine. Its prospects and future planning in Bangladesh is also outlined in the report. . 3 Limitations While preparing the report, we faced some problem. The main problem was time constraint. Though our course teacher instructed us to prepare a report couple of months earlier, we could not start preparing because of summer vacation. After that we had the flood problem and some unwanted political problem. That is why we had real trouble in work together and collect data from sources. Another probl em was the data insufficiency. For that we had to use so many sources to get the proper information. 1. 4 Sources and methods of collecting information We have collected our data mostly from journals and Internet. But they were not enough. So, we have visited ITCL (it consultants limited) to observe their system by us and taken some interview of people related to the system. 1. 5 General plan of the report In the following pages, the discussion will give an over all view of Q-Cash ATM network in Bangladesh. Firstly, comes with the name of the ten banks that are using the Q-Cash ATM network, definition of Q-Cash, then the introduction of Q-Cash card, key features of it, facilities of using it and the related discussions about it are given. Then there are some discussions about the ATM machine; features and parts of it are given. Later, the discussions of the system such as how the Q-Cash card and ATM work together, the networking system, online offline relationship are included. It also includes the security features, future prospects of Q-Cash card. 2. 0 Q-cash: A New Era In Banking 2. 1 Q-cash card 2. 1. 1 what is Q-cash card Q-Cash card is a â€Å"Smart Card†, which is a combination of a plastic card having both microprocessor chip and a magnetic stripe. The smartness of this card will ensure that it is capable of working both â€Å"offline† and â€Å"online† thus making it a perfect case for using in Bangladesh where online connectivity cannot be guaranteed due to poor telecommunication. The Q-Cash card is more than just an ATM card. It can be used as a combination of debit and credit facility. More importantly, Q-Cash card contains a microchip that allows storing money as well as transactions and accounting information within transforming the way you do your banking. The Q-Cash card network offers all your banning requirements without ever setting foot in a bank. Its more than just an ATM service for quick withdrawals or account enquiries. With the unique Point of Sale (POS) terminals, situated in shops, restaurants and other service centres around the city, you can use your Q-Cash card to pay for goods and serves by debiting or by credit your account directly. Since your q-cash card can store account information microchip, ATM and POS services can be accessed without the need for online authorisation from your bank. The card can also act as a credit card (if approved by the bank) and can be affiliated with VISA, MASTERCARD etc. What is Smart Card Smart Card is one of the latest additions to the world of information technology. Similar in size to todays plastic payment card, the smart card has a microprocessor or memory chip embedded in it. The chip stores electronic data and programs that are protected by advanced security features. When coupled with a reader, the smart card has the processing power to serve many different applications. As an access-control device, smart cards make personal and business data available only to the appropriate users. Another application provides users with the ability to make a purchase or exchange value. Smart cards provide data portability, security and convenience. There are different types of security mechanisms used in smart cards. Those necessary for a memory-only card are less sophisticated than those for a microprocessor card. Access to the information contained in a smart card is controlled two ways: ? Who can access the information (everybody, the card holder or a specific third party). ? How can the information be accessed (read only, added to, modified or erased). 2. 1. 2 Key feature of the Q-cash Smart card ? It is an ICC (integrated circuit chip). It has a chip of 8 pins. This chip consists of operating system, processor, ROM and RAM . It also has a memory of 16kb. Meets EMV specifications and ISO 9001 Standards. Performs both online and offline transactions. Compatible with Subscriber Identification Module [SIM] like mobile phone. Compatible with Security Access Module (SAM) to help safeguard sensitive customer information and help support multiple smart card schemes. Supports memory/microprocessor smart cards and magnetic stripe cards in the same plastic. EMV Compatibility Over the past few years, there has been tremendous growth in the number of solutions developed for smart cards. To address this growth, three of the leading card associates- Euro Pay, MasterCard and Visa has collaborated to develop and publish EMV specifications for smart card based debit and credit applications. These standards provide numerous benefits for acquire and issuers, including improved security to reduce fraud and lower telecommunications costs. 2. 1. 3 Facilities of Q-cash card Q-Cash card has the facilitates of Credit and Debit transactions all in a single card and also gives the following accesses: ? Cash Deposit ? Debit Transaction ? Cash Withdrawal ? Credit Transaction ? Fund Transfer ? Account Information Customer Account Statement ? Smart Card Loading ? Balance Inquiry ? Online Offline ? Mini Statement ? 24 Hours Banking ? Chequebook Request ? Internet Banking ? Pin Change ? Any Time Anywhere Banking ? Utility Bill Payment 2. 1. 4 Difference of Q-cash card and credit card Q-cash card take funds directly from the money that is in the bank account of the cardholder. For this r eason we don’t have to pay any interest to the bank. With a Q-cash card, dont have to carry cash or checks, and it is very convenient to shop at a variety of places including gas stations, grocery stores, restaurants, and retail stores. They provide instant access to your money and are accepted worldwide. In a credit card, users actually borrow money that is made available to him by a bank or other financial institution. The institution pays the debt to the vendor, and in turn, cardholder has to pay the money back to the bank. By signing up for a credit card, you agree to pay back the money that you borrowed, in addition to any interest drawn on the amount you borrowed. 2. 2 ATM 2. 2. 1 what is an ATM An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is a tool, which allows customers of a bank to perform banking transactions at any time from anywhere. By using a smart card in the machine customers of a bank can withdraw money from their current account (if permitted by the bank from savings account), transfer funds, pay utility bills even take credit from the bank. The most attractive site of this ATM is it gives a user 24 hours banking facility, which is totally hassle free and user friendly. 2. 2. 2 Invention of ATM As is often the case with inventions, many inventors contribute to the history of an invention. In the case of the ATM, Don Wetzel invented the first successful and modern ATM in the USA, however he as not first inventor to create an ATM. In 1939, Luther George Simjian started patenting an earlier and not-so-successful version of an ATM. Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of the automated teller machine At the time (1968) Wetzel was the Vice President of Product Planning of a company named Docutel. The other two inventors listed on the patent were Tom Barnes, the chief mechanical engineer and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It took five million dollars to develop the ATM. The concept of the modern ATM first began in 1968, a working prototype came about in 1969 and Docutel was issued a patent in 1973. The first working ATM was installed in Rockville Center, New York Chemical Bank. The ATM they first created was a cash dispenser only. These were off-line machines; meaning money was not automatically withdrawn from an account. The bank accounts were not connected by a computer network to the ATM. Therefore, banks were at first very exclusive about who they gave ATM privileges to. Giving them only to credit card holders (credit cards were used before ATM cards) with good banking records. Wetzel, Barnes and Chastain developed the first real ATM cards, cards with a magnetic strip and a personal ID number to get cash. ATM cards had to be different from credit cards (then without magnetic strips) so account information could be included. The next version that was created in 1971, which is the ATM we all know today. 2. 2. 3 Features and parts of ATM An ATM contains many parts. ATM can differ from one to another because many companies are producing ATM this days and the technology they use differs. The ATM has mainly 2 input devices and 4 output devices. Descriptions of these two types of devices are as follows. 2. 2. 3. 1 Input device Card reader: The card reader captures the account information stored on the microprocessor chip and magnetic stripe on the ATM/debit or credit card. The host processor uses this information to route the transaction to the cardholder’s bank. Keypad: The keypad lets the cardholder tell the bank what kind of transaction is required (cash withdrawal, balance inquiry, etc. ) and for what amount. In some of the machines the screen can be also used to enter data instead of the keypad. This type of screens is called Touch Screen. Also, the ATM requires the cardholders personal identification number (PIN) for verification. For better security PIN block is sent to the host processor in encrypted form. 2. 2. 3. 2 Output device Display screen: The display screen prompts the cardholder through each step of the transaction process. Leased-line machines commonly use a monochrome or colour CRT (cathode ray tube) display. Dial-up machines commonly use a monochrome or colour LCD. [pic] Receipt printer: The receipt printer provides the cardholder with a paper receipt of the transaction. Cash dispenser: The heart of an ATM is the safe and cash-dispensing mechanism. The entire bottom portion of most small ATMs is a safe that contains the cash. The cash dispenser mechanism has an electric eye that counts each bill as it exits the dispenser. The bill count and all of the information pertaining to a particular transaction is recorded in a journal. Besides the electronic eye that counts each bill, the cash dispensing mechanism also has a sensor that evaluates the thickness and the size of each bill. If two bills are stuck together, then instead of being dispensed to the cardholder they are diverted to a reject bin. The same thing happens with a bill that is excessively worn or torn, or is folded. The number of reject bills is also recorded so that the machine owner can be aware of the quality of bills that are being loaded into the machine. Speaker: The speaker provides the cardholder with auditory feedback when a key is pressed. 3. 0 Q-cash: How the system works 3. 1 A brief overview of the Q-cash consortium To run the Shared ATM Network all over Bangladesh, all the member banks formed a consortium known as Q-Cash consortium. The Q-cash consortium has a total number of ten (10) leading Banks in Bangladesh. These banks together have build up an extensive ATM network in Dhaka, Chittagong Sylhet in first phase. In phase two other regions will be added in the shared ATM Network, 100 150 more ATMs will be installed all over Bangladesh very soon. Q-Cash is a common card for all member banks in the Consortium and ITC is providing all the technical and management supports. The names of the 10 banks are [pic] Currently 18 ATMs are installed in Dhaka and Chittagong. The locations of these ATMs are as follows. |ATM Service Locations | |Dhaka | |Uttara Branch, AB Bank Ltd. Uttara branch, The City Bank Ltd. | |Uttara Branch, IFIC Bank Ltd. |Gulshan Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Gulshan Branch, The City bank Ltd. |Mohakhali Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Dhanmondi Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |Mina Bazar, Dhanmondi | |Kakrail Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |Principal Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Principal Branch, Mercantile Bank |Janata Bhaban, Janata Bank | |Federation Branch, IFIC Bank |Shantinagar Branch, IFIC Bank | |Jiban Bima Bhaban, The City Bank Ltd. Dhanmondi, IFIC Bank | |Chittagong | |Agrabad Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |CDA Avenu e, AB Bank Ltd. | 3. 2 About ITC ITC or Information Technology Consultants Limited works as the server or as an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the host in the shared ATM network. ITC is the company which brought the Q-cash system first in Bangladesh . It is a sister concern of Envoy Group. Originally it was introduced by a foreign organization named â€Å"Gemplus†. They are providing the smart card, ATMs and all the technical and management supports of the Q-cash consortium. . 3 Network system of q-cash All the locations of these ten banks and POS centres that have Q-cash are joined together by two kinds of networking relationship. These networking functions are performed for withdrawals of cash from the account, to get account information, pay the utility bills and transactions through POS. These two types of networking relationship are 1) Offline relationship and 2) Online relationship Offline relationship with Q-cash system is used for POS and the utility bill paying a nd the online relationship with the system is used for withdrawal of cash and other activities concerning the users account. . 3. 1 Offline relationship An offline relationship is the part of the networking system were the transactions are not connected to the server of the ATM host. This offline relationship can be found on the POS system. POS means Point Of Sales. In this system a Q-cash cardholder can buy products from the shops, which is connected with the host computer. Using their q-cash card the user will pay his bills by inserting his card in a small machine. The machine is capable of reading the memory chip in the card. As the account information of the user is already in the card the machine can authenticate the user and the amount of money the user has on his account. This entire process has no connection with the server or with the bank of the user. 3. 3. 2 online relationship Online relationship is the part of the network that is done completely by online with the help of the ATM host. The host processor may be owned by a bank or financial institution, or an independent service provider may own it. All the controlling branches of the banks have an online relationship with the host. Host connects the ATMs of different locations with the banks of the network. To maintain the connections between the ATMs Banks and POS the host uses different types of communication media. Most host processors can support either leased-line or dial-up machines. Leased-line machines connect directly to the host processor through a four-wire, point-to-point, dedicated telephone line. Dial-up ATMs connect to the host processor through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number, or through an Internet service provider using a local access number dialled by modem. Leased-line ATMs are preferred for very high-volume locations because of their thru-put capability, and dial-up ATMs are preferred for retail merchant locations where cost is a greater factor than thru-put. DDN technology is a new one in modern online banking. It is a kind of digital connection, which performs better than the leased line connections. Usually these sorts of connections relate the host and the ATMs. The most effective feature of DDN is to transfer data at a higher speed than that of leased lines or the Dial-up lines. This is how ATM networks become available to the cardholder (the person wanting the cash). [pic] . 3. 2. 1 Techniques of the online relationship followed by ITC In online connection the members of the Q-cash consortium is connected with ITC (host) by simple dialup connection. They connect the host processor or the ITC through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number. ITC is connected with the ATMs and POS terminals of different places all o ver the country by leased line, DDL, Satellite connection, Radio link, Dial-up connection. These various types of communication facilities are used because the telecommunication infrastructure of Bangladesh is very weak. So if one system is collapsed the other will work. But mainly the DDL is used for communicate with the ATMs (provided by Bangladesh Tar and Telephone Board), Dial-up connection is used for to communicate with POS terminals and the banks, satellite for overseas connection with banks and radio link for remote places. When a user of a bank inserts his ATM card in the ATM and enters his PIN the ATM directly connects with the host ITC for authentication. In the authentication process the host (ITC) checks the security pin and performs the other security checking’s. If the user of the card is authorised host connects the ATM with the users bank server. In the process, the server of the bank checks the account and adjusts the balance. This is called authorization. The server of the bank performs the action by using a system called core-banking software. If a server of bank does not have the core banking software, they inform ITC the numerical position of the account of all their Q-cash cardholders via dial-up connection. Thus ITC always gets the numerical information on the account position of the customers of the bank. In this case the host (ITC) does the work of both authentication and authorization. 3. 3. 2. 2 Automated clearing house (ACH) ACH is short for automated clearing house. This bank terminology means that a person or business is authorizing another person or business to draft on an account. When a cardholder wants to do an ATM transaction via POS, he or she provides the necessary information by means of the card reader and keypad. The card reader forwards this information to ITC via Dial-up connection. Which routes the transaction request to the cardholders bank that issued the card. If the cardholder is requesting to pay, the host (ITC) processor causes electronic funds transfer to take place from the customers bank account to the host processors account. The processor then ACHs the cardholders funds into the merchants bank account. In this way, the merchant is reimbursed for all funds dispensed by the ATM. An independent ATM host can access any bank. It also supports a large number of ATMs placed with different merchants. So when the user authorises to pay the cash, the money moves electronically from users account to the hosts account to the merchants account. [pic] [pic] [pic] 3. 4 Security Q-cash is fully secured. The main concept of the security process of Q-cash system is any cardholder can only carry out transaction on Q-cash ATMs with a Personal Identification Number (PIN) . If a person loses his card others cannot use it that because transactions cannot be done without the PIN. The Q-cash smart card is a PIN protected card with DES, 3DES function to ensure security. DES is an encryption algorithm used to protect sensitive data – in this case the PIN. The DES algorithm uses a 56-bit key length; 3DES specifies three rounds of encryption, effectively increasing the key length to 168 bits. Q-cash smart card is also EMV compatible. 3. 5 Future prospects of Q-cash Since it is made with hybrid technology, it can read or write any kind of data. So, in the near future it can be used as voter id, club, insurance, driving or even national identity card. More updated security system is getting included in the card, so the user will have more security. New features of banking are getting included in it and the users will get the latest banking feature by using it. 4. 0 Conclusion Q-Cash service is getting popular day by day in our country. More banks are getting themselves included in the network. All the cards will be converted into smart card till 2006 and we are getting it in right now. It has the potential to be utilized in a greater aspect. So, it has given a new dimension in the banking sector in Bangladesh. Appendix Definition of terms There are some unfamiliar terms that were not described in the discussion. So, the definitions of terms are given below alphabetically. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – the machine that provides the users to deposit or to withdrawal money. ACH (Automated clearing house) a centralized and computerized system for setting indebtedness between members. BTTB(Bangladesh Tar and Telephone Board) It is a government service for nationwide telecommunication. Card reader – a device of ATM machine that gathers the account information stored on the magnetic stripe on the back of a Q-Cash card. CRT (cathode ray tube) – the most common type of monitor used in the office and home is CRT. CRT is similar in size and technology to television. Credit card – a car through which a person can buy things on credit. DDN (digital data network) – a digital data network provided by in order to connect to the ISP host. Dispenser – the path trough which cash is dispensed from ATM. ISP (internet service provider) – the organization that provides Internet service. Keypad – the input device by which the cardholder tells the ATM the nature, the amount of the transaction and the pin. LCD (liquid crystal display) – LCD monitor use the technology that involves liquid crystals. It is much thinner then CRTs. Modem The device that helps the user to connect his computer to some sorts of networking system. Offline relationship – all the branches of any of the ten banks that manually connect with their card issuing branch. Online relationship all the branches of any of the ten banks that connect with their card issuing branch by a host processor to work in online. Pin – the secret code to access into the account of a cardholder to perform account related functions. Receipt printer The device that provide a cardholder with a paper receipt of the transaction. Server – the part of Internet system that stores information files that are used to display pages of information. Speaker – the device provides the cardholder auditory feedback when a key is pressed. Sensor – a device of ATM that evaluates the thickness of each bill. Bibliography Interviews Md. Wajid Ahmed Project leader (Q-Cash EMV) IT Consultants Limited Md. Faizul Islam System Engineer Q-cash Processing System IT Consultants Limited Interview on September 4, 2004 Newspaper articles The Daily star â€Å"Local private it firm plans shared ATMs for Bangladesh† April 25, 2001 Prothom Alo â€Å"It consultant is providing different kind of ATMs for banks† April 25, 2001 Dainik Jugantor â€Å"24 hour Q-Cash card is getting started† July 14, 2002 Websites http://www. itclbd. com http://www. howstuffworks. com http://www. thecitybank. com http://www. pubalibangla. com http://www. mutualtrustbank. com http://www. mblbd. com http://www. janatabank-bd. com http://www. abbankonline. com http://www. ebl-bd. com http://www. ificbankbd. com http://www. nccbank-bd. com http://www. jamunabankbd. com